One more approach holds that the main task of philosophy is to articulate the pre-ontological understanding of the world, which acts as a condition of possibility of experience. Another defines philosophy as a linguistic therapy that aims at dispelling misunderstandings to which humans are susceptible due to the confusing structure of natural language.
According to one view, philosophy is conceptual analysis, which involves finding the necessary and sufficient conditions for the application of concepts. A common theme among many such definitions is that philosophy is concerned with meaning, understanding, or the clarification of language. Other definitions focus more on the contrast between science and philosophy. In this sense, philosophy is the midwife of the sciences. This problem is avoided by seeing philosophy as an immature or provisional science whose subdisciplines cease to be philosophy once they have fully developed. Science-based definitions usually face the problem of explaining why philosophy in its long history has not made the type of progress as seen in other sciences. Some phenomenologists, on the other hand, characterize philosophy as the science of essences.
Some naturalist approaches, for example, see philosophy as an empirical yet very abstract science that is concerned with very wide-ranging empirical patterns instead of particular observations. In this sense, philosophy is sometimes understood as a proper science in its own right. Many definitions of philosophy emphasize its intimate relation to science. Both approaches have the problem that they are usually either too wide, by including non-philosophical disciplines, or too narrow, by excluding some philosophical sub-disciplines. Others focus more on its topic, for example, as the study of the biggest patterns of the world as a whole or as the attempt to answer the big questions. Some definitions characterize philosophy in relation to its method, like pure reasoning. Some approaches argue that there is a set of essential features shared by all parts of philosophy while others see only weaker family resemblances or contend that it is merely an empty blanket term. Before the modern age, the term was used in a very wide sense, which included the individual sciences, like physics or mathematics, as its sub-disciplines, but the contemporary usage is more narrow. Often, they are only accepted by theorists belonging to a certain philosophical movement and are revisionistic in that many presumed parts of philosophy would not deserve the title "philosophy" if they were true. But approaches that go beyond such vague characterizations to give a more interesting or profound definition are usually controversial. There is wide agreement that philosophy (from the ancient Greek φίλος, phílos: "love" and σοφία, sophía: "wisdom") is characterized by various general features: it is a form of rational inquiry, it aims to be systematic, and it tends to critically reflect on its own methods and presuppositions.
Other notable subfields include philosophy of religion, philosophy of science, political philosophy, aesthetics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind. Today, major subfields of academic philosophy include metaphysics, which is concerned with the fundamental nature of existence and reality epistemology, which studies the nature of knowledge and belief ethics, which is concerned with moral value and logic, which studies the rules of inference that allow one to derive conclusions from true premises. Since then, various areas of investigation that were traditionally part of philosophy have become separate academic disciplines, and namely the social sciences such as psychology, sociology, linguistics, and economics.
In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. From the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, " natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. 495 BCE) others dispute this story, arguing that Pythagoreans merely claimed use of a preexisting term. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras (c. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Philosophy (from Greek: φιλοσοφία, philosophia, 'love of wisdom') is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language.
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